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| Country : Angola Official name: Republica de Angola (Republic of Angola) |
Historical profile
1482 The Portuguese began settling Angola.
1575 The Portuguese founded Luanda. The country became a major source of slaves, who were transported to Brazil.
1836 The slave trade was abolished.
1951 Angola's status changed from a colony to an overseas territory.
1956 The Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA) (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) was founded as a guerrilla force fighting against Portuguese rule. A civil war soon broke out.
1957 The Frente Nacional para a Libertacao de Angola (FNLA) (National Front for the Liberation of Angola) was formed.
1961 An uprising which saw 50,000 blacks massacred eventually led to the abolition of forced labour on Angolan plantations.
1966 The União Nacional de Independencia Total de Angola (Unita) (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola) was formed.
1975 Angola gained independence from Portugal. Elections were scheduled to be held, supervised by different leaders representing the three rival guerrilla movements. However, the MPLA, drawn from the Mbundu who live in the centre of the country and Luanda, the capital, took power without an election, and Unita and the FNLA retreated. Unita and the FNLA formed an alliance aimed at defeating the MPLA government.
1979 José dos Santos became president and enjoyed the backing of the Soviet Union and Cuba. There followed a long period of civil war between the MPLA and Unita, which had the support of the US and South Africa.
1987 South African forces entered Angola to support Unita.
1988 South Africa, Angola and Cuba signed an agreement on withdrawal of Cuba's 50,000 troops from Angola by mid-1991. The South African army withdrew.
1989 The government and Unita signed a peace deal, which quickly collapsed.
1991 The MPLA introduced multi-party democracy and officially dropped its commitment to Marxism in favour of social democracy. Talks with Unita began and the Cuban troops withdrew. The Bicesse accords provided for a cease-fire, unification of the two armies, release of prisoners and the holding of free presidential and parliamentary elections under UN supervision.
1992 The first multi-party elections were held. A coalition government was formed by the MPLA, including minor parties, which won the elections, but the newly-legalised Unita rejected the election results and returned to the battlefield to fight on.
1994 A cease-fire peace agreement, the Lusaka Protocol, was signed between the government and Unita.
1997 Unita joined the ruling MPLA in a power-sharing government of national unity.
1998 Renewed hostilities between MPLA and Unita broke out.
2001 President José dos Santos announced that he would not stand in presidential elections, although he did not set a date for the elections. A treaty establishing the Gulf of Guinea Commisssion was signed by five of the seven member states in July (Gabon, Congo, São Tomé and Príncipe, Nigeria and Angola).
2002 Jonas Savimbi, the leader of Unita, was killed by the army. The Angolan government stopped all offensives against the Unita rebels and offered an amnesty for guerrillas who surrendered. A cease-fire was signed, ending the civil war. Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos became prime minister.
2003 In April, the World Bank approved a US$125 million assistance programme for Angola. In December, President José dos Santos was chosen as the ruling party's candidate for the next general election, although in 2001 he said he would stand down.
2004 In April, more than 3,000 people were arrested in a crackdown on illegal diamond mining and trafficking (around 11,000 have been expelled since December 2003).
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