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Country : Bulgaria Official name: Republika Bulgaria (Republic of Bulgaria) |
Historical profile
The Bulgars were a Finno-Ugrian people, whose ancestors crossed the River Danube in the seventh century and merged with the Slavonic population. Bulgaria is the oldest surviving state in Europe to have retained its original name.
681 The state of Bulgaria was founded.
811–927 After defeating the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria expanded into the Balkans.
1014–18 The Byzantines regained control of lost territory and took over much of Bulgaria.
1185–97 The Bulgarians revolted against Byzantine rule. Bulgaria re-emerged as a state and major Balkan empire.
1396 Bulgaria was conquered by Ottoman Turkey and became its European stronghold for the next 500 years.
1800s The Ottoman Empire began to fall apart as many Balkan states launched uprisings.
1878 Russia defeated Turkey and Bulgaria came into existence again as a sovereign state.
1908 German Ferdinand Saxe-Coburg-Gotha proclaimed himself Tsar of Bulgaria.
1912 The Balkan powers of Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro defeated the remnants of the Ottoman Empire.
1913 In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria tried to take Macedonia from Serbia, but was defeated. Balkan states ended the war by signing the Treaty of Bucharest, which also reduced the territorial size of Bulgaria.
1915 Bulgaria invaded Serbia and Macedonia, after joining on the side of the Central Powers (Germany and Austro-Hungary).
1918 The Entente powers (Great Britain, France and Russia) defeated Bulgaria and an armistice was signed in September. The Bulgarian defeat led to the abdication of Tsar Ferdinand I and his son, Boris, was crowned.
1923 As internal divisions intensified between the peasants, ethnic Macedonians and communists, the army overthrew the government, which was dominated by agrarian parties. Prime Minister Alexander Stambolisky was assassinated. Alexander Tsankov formed a new pro-democracy government.
1924–25 Violence from communist militants and Macedonian nationalists prevented the Tsankov government from bringing political stability to Bulgaria.
1926 An ethnic Macedonian, Andrei Liapchev, replaced Tsankov as prime minister.
1929–31 The Great Depression devastated the Bulgarian economy. Thousands of jobs were lost and a wave of strikes hit the country. In the 1931 parliamentary election, the Liapchev government was defeated by the centre-left Naroden Blok (NB) (People's Bloc), led by Alexander Malinov.
1934 A coalition of political parties, led by Zveno's Kimon Georgiev and Colonel Damyan Velchev of the Voenni Sayuz (VZ) (Military Union), overthrew Malinov's government. The new government introduced one-party rule and turned Bulgaria into an authoritarian state.
1935 Disillusioned by the government's authoritarianism, Tsar Boris III began a personal dictatorship of Bulgaria.
1939--1941 Having remained neutral at the start of the Second World War, Bulgaria joined the Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) in 1941. Bulgaria ruled German-captured Macedonia and Western Thrace in Greece.
1943 Boris III died of a heart attack. The heir to the Bulgarian throne, Simeon II, was too young to rule. A three-man regency was established to rule on Tsar Simeon II's behalf and Prime Minister Bogdan Filov became the de facto head of state.
1944 The Soviet Union invaded Bulgaria. The Fatherland Front, a left-wing alliance dominated by the Soviet-backed Bulgarska Komunistieska Partija (BKP) (Bulgarian Communist Party), gained power.
1946 A referendum abolished the monarchy, which had ruled Bulgaria periodically since the ninth century.
1947 All opposition parties were abolished. Political trials and executions on the Stalinist model were carried out under Vulko Chervenkov until 1953 when Todor Zhivkov became the general secretary of the BKP.
1962–88 Zhivkov cemented his position as leader of Bulgaria and the country moved politically and economically closer to the Soviet Union.
1989 Petur Mladenov was appointed Zhivkov's successor.
1990 The BCK changed its name to the Bulgarska Socialistièska Partija (BSP) (Bulgarian Socialist Party). The BSP won the first multi-party elections in Bulgaria since the inter-war period. However, growing political infighting and nationwide strikes led to its fall. An interim government was confirmed, under the leadership of Dimitur Popov.
1991 The BSP lost power in the parliamentary elections. The Sajuz na Demokratienite Sili (SDS) (Union of Democratic Forces) formed a government.
1992 The SDS's Zhelyu Zhelev became Bulgaria's first directly-elected president.
1994 The BSP returned to government in the parliamentary elections. Zhan Videnov was appointed prime minister.
1996 Amid a severe economic and political crisis, Petar Stoyanov won the presidential elections. Videnov resigned as prime minister.
1997 An early general election was held, resulting in a win for the SDS-led centre-right coalition, the Obedineni Demokratièni Sili (ODS) (United Democratic Forces). Ivan Kostov was appointed prime minister.
2001 The Nacionale Dvisenie Simeon Tvori (NDST) (National Movement for Simeon II) won the general election. The NDST's leader and former king, Simeon II, accepted the nomination to be prime minister and formed a coalition government. The BSP's Georgi Parvanov won the run-off presidential elections.
2002 NATO invited Bulgaria to join the alliance in 2004.
2003 In January, the IMF signalled its approval of Bulgaria's efforts to improve its macroeconomic situation with a loan tranche of US$36 million. On 29 May, a no-confidence motion against Prime Minister Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha's government was defeated.
2004 In April, Bulgaria was admitted to NATO.
2005 The Koalicija za Balgarija (KzB) (Coalition for Bulgaria) (led by the Bulgarska Socialistièska Partija (BSP) (Bulgarian Socialist Party)) won the 25 June parliamentary elections, defeating the ruling NDST. On 18 July the President asked Sergey Stanishev to form a government.
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