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Country : Chile Official name: República de Chile (Republic of Chile) |
Historical profile
Inca rule barely touched Chile, with Aymara and Atacameno farmers and herders pre-dating the Incas. Chango Indians fished along the coastal areas while Diaguitas farmed the interior of Coquimbo. Beyond the central valley, Araucanian or Mapuche Indians resisted Inca aggression.
1535 Indigenous Araucanian people successfully resisted the first Spanish invasion of Chile.
1540 Santiago was founded by Pedro de Valdivia, who began the Spanish conquest of Chile.
1553 Araucanians captured and executed Valdivia.
1553--58 Indigenous people staged an uprising against Spanish colonialism, however most of the country was eventually subdued, although the Mapuche managed to hold onto their remaining territory for almost three centuries.
1578 Sir Francis Drake, an English adventurer, led a raid on the port of Valparaíso, which was repulsed by the Spanish armies.
1700 For most of the eighteenth century it was ruled by a small oligarchy of landowners.
1759 Chile began reforms under the auspices of the Bourbon monarchs, who succeeded the Habsburg dynasty in Spain.
1788 Irish-born Ambrosio O'Higgins y Ballenary began his tenure as governor of Chile. He outlawed slavery and forced labour, strengthened production and administration and bolstered the power of the military. Chile was granted more autonomy than most other Latin American colonies.
1807 Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Spain fuelled the independence movement in Chile.
1810 Independence leader Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, son of Ambrosio O'Higgins, led a revolt against José Miguel Carrera Verdugo, the Chilean leader who had brought more autonomy to the country.
1814 Spanish troops reconquered Chile.
1818 Bernado O'Higgins joined forces with José de San Martín in Argentina and led successful battles against the Spanish which resulted in Chile's independence from Spain. Bernado O'Higgins became Chile's first post-independence leader.
1823 Bernado O'Higgins was forced to resign. Civil war between liberal federalists and conservative centralists ensued, lasting for seven years.
1830 The Conservatives won the civil war.
1851--61 President Manuel Montt liberalised the constitution, reducing the power of landowners and the Roman Catholic Church.
1879--84 Chile's victory in the War of the Pacific against Peru and Bolivia increased its territory by one-third.
1880s--90s The pacification of the Araucanians led to increased European immigration. Mining of nitrates and copper began.
1891 A civil war over a constitutional dispute between the president and congress led to a congressional victory, with the role of the president reduced to a figurehead.
1925 A new constitution saw the disestablishment of the church.
1927 General Carlos Ibañez del Campo seized power in a military coup and established a dictatorship.
1938--46 A Popular Front coalition was formed by communists, socialists and radicals.
1948--58 The Communist Party was banned.
1952 Carlos Ibañez was elected president, promising to strengthen law and order.
1964 Eduardo Frei Montalva was elected president, pledging to introduce limited social reform.
1970 Salvador Allende Gossens was elected president and imposed an extensive programme of nationalisation.
1973 The government failed to win a congressional majority in the elections as opposition to its policies mounted and the country faced ever increasing economic problems. Food shortages followed high inflation and fighting broke out between pro- and anti-government activists. Backed by the CIA, the armed forces intervened. President Allende died during the military takeover.
1974 General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte became president, remaining in power for 16 years.
1988 Chilean voters rejected Pinochet's bid to extend his power until 1997.
1989 Patricio Aylwin defeated both Pinochet's protégé and a right-wing independent candidate in the presidential election.
1993 Eduardo Frei Ruíz-Tagle won the presidential election. He began reducing the military's influence in government.
1998 Pinochet retired from the army and was made senator-for-life. He was arrested in the UK at the request of a Spanish magistrate on murder charges related to his 'caravan of death' in the 1970s.
2000 Ricardo Lagos Escobar won the elections and became Chile's first socialist president since 1973. The UK government declared Pinochet unfit for extradition to Spain and the former dictator was returned to Chile. A Chilean judge subsequently charged Pinochet with kidnap.
2001 Chile's appeal court ruled that General Augusto Pinochet was mentally unfit to stand trial on human rights violation charges. The ruling centre-left coalition held on to its majority in Congress in the legislative elections.
2002 All charges against Pinochet were dropped after the Supreme Court upheld a verdict finding him mentally unfit to stand trial for human rights crimes. Pinochet resigned from his post as a lifelong senator.
2003 There was a series of cases alleging corruption involving members of the government. 2004 In May, President Lagos signed a new law giving Chileans the right to divorce, despite continued opposition from the Roman Catholic Church. Chile's court lifted Pinochet's immunity from prosecution.
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