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Historical profile
1821 The Central American provinces (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador) declared independence from Spain.
1822 Central American confederation annexed itself to the Mexican Empire, under General Agustín de Iturbde, later Emporer Agustín I.
1823 Agustín I was overthrown and Mexico became a republic. The Central American states formed the United Provinces of Central America.
1825 Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador formed the Central American Federation (CAF).
1838 The CAF was dissolved and El Salvador became an independent republic.
By the twentieth century, the majority of the population was reduced to poverty and discontent, having been pushed off their land, and the land turned over to crops for export. Most of El Salvador's income came from coffee exports.
1929 Coffee prices plummeted following the stock market crash.
1932 Uprising of peasants and Indians. The military killed 30,000 people in La Matanza (the massacre).
1961 The right-wing Partido de Conciliación Nacional (PCN) (National Reconciliation Party) came to power following a military coup.
1969 Honduras and El Salvador fought what became known as the 'soccer war', which was prompted by land disputes and El Salvador's win in the World Cup play-offs between the two countries. Over 3,000 people died.
1970s There were demonstrations, civil disobedience and strikes. The esquadrones de muerte (death squads) were formed. Thousands of Salvadoreans were kidnapped, tortured and murdered.
1977 General Carlos Romero was elected president.
1979 Romero was ousted by reformist military officers, although this failed to stem the number of deaths at the hands of military-backed death squads.
1980 Napoleón Duarte became El Salvador's first civilian president since 1931.
1980s Civil war between the US-backed right-wing government and a leftist guerrilla group, Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN) (Front for National Liberation), based largely in the countryside. Right-wing groups carried out indiscriminate street killings of 'subversives'. Some rural communities were targetted by the security forces for eradication.
1982 The far-right Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (Arena) (Nationalist Republican Alliance) came to power following violent parliamentary elections.
1984 Duarte won the presidential election and began to negotiate a settlement with the FMLN.
1989 Arena's Alfredo Cristiani was elected president.
1992 A formal cease-fire, under UN auspices, came into effect. An estimated 75,000 people had been killed in the 12-year war.
1994 Political killings and threats continued right up to the elections. Arena's Armando Calderón Sol was elected president.
1997 Arena won the Assembly elections.
1999 Francisco Flores (Arena) won the presidential election.
2000 The FMLN become the largest party in the National Assembly. Arena formed a coalition government with the PCN, giving the right-wing block a majority in the Assembly.
2001 El Salvador adopted the US dollar as its currency. The worst earthquakes for more than a decade resulted in almost 1,500 people losing their lives and 1.5 million being left homeless.
2002 The government declared a state of emergency in response to an outbreak of dengue fever.
2003 In March parliamentary elections, Arena's number of seats fell by two and the PCN's increased by two, while the FMLN had no net gains, although it remained the largest party. A free trade agreement (FTA) with Panama came into effect in April.
2004 Antonio Saca (Arena) won the 21 March presidential elections.
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