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Country : Lebanon Official name: Jumhouriya al Lubnaniya (Republic of Lebanon) |
Historical profile
1516 After several centuries of foreign rule, Lebanon became part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire until the end of the First World War, when, following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, France was granted mandatory sovereignty over Lebanon and Syria.
1920 The state of Greater Lebanon was proclaimed, which includes the former autonomous province of Mount Lebanon and the provinces of north Lebanon, south Lebanon and the Biqa, historically part of Syria.
1926 The constitution was approved and the Lebanese Republic declared.
1940 Lebanon came under the control of the Vichy French government.
1941 After occupation by Free French and British troops, independence was declared.
1943 France agreed to the transfer of power to the Lebanese government with effect from 1944.
1960s Lebanon became the region's dominant financial, business and tourism centre.
1967 After the Arab-Israeli war, in which Lebanon played no active role, the country was used by Palestinians as a base for activities against Israel.
1973 Israeli commandos raided Beirut, killing three associates of Palestine Liberation organisation (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat. The Lebanese government resigned.
1975 Outbreak of civil war.
1976 A 30,000-strong Arab League force (mainly from Syria, but also including soldiers from Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Libya and the United Arab Emirates) began efforts to restore peace to the area.
1982 Israel invaded Lebanon. Later, multinational forces entered the country.
1983 Israel and Lebanon signed an agreement on Israeli withdrawal. A security region in southern Lebanon was established.
1987 Prime Minister Rashid Karami was killed.
1989 Under the Ta'if Agreement, an amendment to the constitution was agreed and a government of national reconciliation was formed. Elias Hrawi was elected president.
1990 The constitutional amendment was approved. End of the civil war.
1992 President Hrawi appointed Rafik al Hariri as prime minister, heading a cabinet of technocrats.
1996 Israel bombed Hizbollah bases in Lebanon. The US negotiated a truce between Hizbollah and Palestinian guerrillas and Israel; the truce was monitored by representatives from the US, France, Israel, Lebanon and Syria.
1998 The National Assembly elected army chief of staff, General Émile Lahoud, as president, replacing Elias Hrawi. Following the resignation of Prime Minister al Hariri, veteran politician Salim al Huss was appointed to the post.
2000 The Israeli army withdrew from southern Lebanon, although sporadic clashes between Hizbollah and Israeli forces continued. Rafik al Hariri won convincingly at the elections and was re-appointed prime minister; he appointed loyalists to his cabinet, including six former ministers from his 1992--98 tenure.
2001 The Israeli armed forces continued to bomb military targets within Lebanon which were deemed a threat to its security.
2002 Israeli warplanes and artillery attacked suspected Hizbollah positions in the disputed Shebaa Farms area in south Lebanon in retaliation for guerrilla attacks that wounded six Israeli soldiers.
2003 Prime Minister Rafik al Hariri resigned on 15 April, but was re-appointed the next day to form a new government.
2004 On 3 September, parliament approved extending pro-Syria President Émile Lahoud's six-year term by three years. In September, UN Security Council resolution 1559 demanded that Syrian soldiers leave Lebanon and that Hizbollah disarms. (Hizbollah is also a political party with members in parliament; the organisation is backed by Iran and has emerged as a chief financier and supporter of terrorist action in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; it is also backed by Syria as a proxy force in its struggle with Israel over the Golan Heights.) Rafik al Hariri opposed the extension of Lahoud's term and stood down as prime minister; Omar Karami was nominated for the post.
2005 On 14 February, Al Hariri was assassinated in a car bomb attack; the US withdrew its ambassador from Damascus, citing Syrian influence in Lebanon. On 28 February, thousands of protesters gathered in Beirut, demanding the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon; the pro-Syrian government of Prime Minister Omar Karami resigned. The presidents of Lebanon and Syria agreed on 7 March that Syrian troops would withdraw to the Bekaa valley in eastern Lebanon. A protest held in Beirut on 8 March, organised by Hizbollah to show loyalty to Syria, countered weeks of anti-government and anti-Syrian protests. President Émile Lahoud reappointed Omar Karami as prime minister on 10 March, however, he resigned again on 13 April, after failing to form a new government. On 15 April, Najib Mikati was designated as the new prime minister; he named a cabinet on 19 April, in which both pro-Syrian loyalists and those who want Syria to keep out of Lebanon, hold important posts; the cabinet won a vote of confidence (109–1 in the 128-member parliament) on 27 April. The last Syrian troops pulled out of Lebanon on 26 April.
On 30 June, Fouad Siniora was nominated prime minister-designate by the bloc led by Saad al Hariri (son of the late Rafik al Hariri), which, after parliamentary elections, holds 36 seats in the 128-seat parliament, but with its anti-Syrian allies, can count on 72 votes.
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