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Country : Nepal Official name: Nepal Adhirajya (Kingdom of Nepal) |
Historical profile
Modern Nepal began its formation in the second half of the eighteenth century, when the kingdom of Gorkha, led by Prithivi Narayan Shah, began to expand.
1768 Shah conquered Kathmandu and completed unification of what is today's Nepal.
1792 Nepal's expansion was halted by Chinese armies in Tibet.
1816 Nepal became a British protectorate after the Anglo-Nepali war.
1846 Jang Bahadur Rana extracted a decree from the monarch that transferred sovereign powers to the family of Ranas, who ruled as hereditary prime ministers for 104 years.
1923 Nepal's independence was recognised by Britain, although it retained control of the country's foreign affairs.
1950–59 King Tribhuvan fled to India, intensifying the revolt led by the Nepali Congress Party (NCP) against the Ranas oligarchy. It ended with an agreement brokered by India which recognised the role of the monarch, legalised political parties and established a constitutional monarchy. In the eight years that followed, the King ruled the country while political parties took shape.
1959 The first election under a new constitution was won by the NCP.
1960 King Mahendra seized control and suspended parliament and politics.
1962 He introduced a new constitution establishing a `party-less Panchayat' system which banned political competition and parties. The King retained absolute powers.
1972 King Mahendra died in 1972 and was succeeded by his son, King Birendra (1972–2001), who continued his father's policies.
1979 After a series of protests against the Panchayat system, the King ordered a national referendum: the choice was between a `reformed' panchayat or a multi-party democracy. A narrow majority voted in favour of the Panchayat, with reforms allowing direct elections – but still on a non-party basis.
1985 The NCP began a campaign of civil disobedience for the restoration of the multi-party system.
1986 Elections were boycotted by the NCP.
1990 Pro-democracy protests were staged by the NCP and leftist groups which resulted in killings and mass arrests by the police. The King bowed to pressure and agreed a new democratic constitution.
1991 The NCP won the elections and Girija Prasad Koirala became prime minister.
1994 Koirala's government was toppled due to party infighting. The Communist Party of Nepal-United Marxist-Leninist (CPN-UML) emerged as the largest single party in the elections and formed a minority government.
1995 The CPN-UML government was toppled, making way for a number of coalition and minority governments, until another round of elections was held in 1999.
1996 While the mainstream parties jostled for power in the centre, the Maoists launched their `people's war'.
1998 The CPN-UML suffered a major blow when a faction of the party decided to go its own way.
1999–2000 The NCP won the 1999 elections and Krishna Prasad Bhattarai became prime minister. However, infighting in the party forced him to step down in 2000. Koirala became prime minister again. The NCP remained effectively divided between the supporters of Koirala and Bhattarai.
2001 Crown Prince Dipendra massacred his entire family and killed himself. The new King, Gyanendra, had little time to settle down before the Maoists increased their violent campaign. Maoist front organisations began a series of demonstrations and strikes in urban areas. Koirala resigned amid increasing opposition pressure and demands from his own party members to step down on charges of failure to perform. Sher Bahadur Deuba (NCP) was appointed prime minister. The first round of negotiations with rebels was held. The Maoists announced the formation of an underground 37-member United Revolutionary People's Council of Nepal – supposed to represent a civilian central command – building on the people's governments they had already announced in 21 of the country's 75 districts.
2002 Most of the people who had gone to form their own party, the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN), rejoined the CPN-UML. The Maoists successfully staged a five-day general strike. The Prime Minister wanted the state of emergency extended but this was opposed by his party, the NCP, and by the opposition. On the recommendation of the Prime Minister, in defiance of his party, King Gyanendra dissolved parliament and called for fresh general elections. The ruling NCP suspended Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba from the party. More than 150 Maoist guerrillas were killed in an attack on an army camp in the west of the country. King Gyanendra dismissed Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, abolished the Council of Ministers and assumed executive powers himself until 11 October, when the King appointed Lokendra Bahadur Chand as prime minister.
2003 On 1 February, Maoist rebels and the government agreed to a cease-fire. Prime Minister Lokendra Bahadur Chand resigned on 30 May. King Gyanendra appointed Surya Bahadur Thapa of the Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP) as prime minister on 4 June. He named a cabinet on 11 June.
2004 On 23 April, Nepal became the 147th member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa offered his resignation to the King on 7 May. Sher Bahadur Deuba, who had been dismissed by the King in 2002, was re-appointed prime minister on 2 June. On 9 July, Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba formed a transition government to govern until parliamentary elections in 2005. In August, a blockade of Kathmandu by the Maoist rebels ended after one week..
2005 On 1 February, King Gyanendra dismissed the government of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and assumed power himself.
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