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Country : Peru Official name: República Peruana (Peruvian Republic) |
Historical profile
1500s The Inca empire stretched from the Pacific Ocean east to the sources of the Paraguay and Amazon rivers and from the region of modern Quito in Ecuador south to the Maule River in Chile.
1532 Francisco Pizarro of Spain led an armed expedition into the region. Weakened by a civil war over succession to the throne, the Inca empire was easily overturned by the Spanish.
1542 The vice-royalty of Peru was established with Lima as its capital.
1569 Francisco de Toledo was appointed by the Spanish crown to administer the colony. He established a harsh, repressive system of government that ensured political stability by co-opting indigenous people as low-level officials. The system of government lasted for almost 200 years.
1820 José de San Martín led an invasion army into Peru with the support of rebel Chilean troops in a regional war against Spanish imperial rule.
1821 Peru became independent from Spain after San Martín's forces captured Lima.
1824 Simón Bolívar (who later led Bolivia to independence) became head of state of a centralised state, which included a unicameral legislature.
1826 Bolívar left Peru, which was subsequently ruled by a series of military commanders.
1845 Ramón Castilla became president, ensuring a period of stability and economic development.
1860 Peru adopted a liberal constitution for the first time.
1864 Peru went to war with Spain over control of the guano-rich Chincha Islands. Aided by Ecuador, Bolivia and Chile, Peru defeated the Spanish.
1879–84 Peru backed Bolivia in the War of the Pacific with Chile, but Chile invaded Peru and occupied Lima.
1884 The Treaty of Ancón was signed with Chile. Peru's nitrate-rich province of Tarapacá was handed over to Chile, which also occupied the provinces of Tacna and Arica. The poor state of the nation's economy, weakened by war and the loss of resource-rich regions, undermined governments for the next 30 years.
1895 Civilian rule began, although it was tainted by corruption and economic mismanagement.
1919 President Augusto Leguía launched an autogolpe (self-coup), against his own government in order to abolish democratic rule and establish a dictatorship.
1924 The Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) (American Revolutionary People's Alliance), the country's first mass-based political party, was formed.
1930 Leguía was ousted from office by a combination of forces, including the military, the oligarchy and APRA. A tripartite system of government was formed between the three groups, although APRA soon left the alliance to lead a series of popular uprisings. In the early 1930s, APRA was banned.
1934 General Benavides was appointed president by Congress.
1939 Manuel Prado y Ugarteche was elected president and softened the government's approach to APRA, while launching a brief but successful war against Ecuador, which resolved a border dispute.
1948 After APRA militants staged a naval mutiny, the military overthrew the government and installed General Manuel Odría, hero of the war with Ecuador, as president.
1962 APRA became the largest party in congress, but fell short of the one-third required to form a government and formed a coalition with its erstwhile enemy, former military ruler Manuel Odría and his supporters.
1963 The election of Fernando Belaúnde as president marked the beginning of genuine democracy in Peru, although his political programme was obstructed by the APRA-Odría pact in congress.
1968 Belaúnde was removed from power by General Juan Velasco Alvarado due to opposition in Congress and the US after Belaúnde nationalised Standard Oil's Peruvian subsidiary, the International Petroleum Company (IPC). The military docenio (12-year rule) began.
1975 Velasco was removed from office by General Franscisco Morales Bermúdez.
1978 A Constituent Assembly was elected, with leftist parties winning an unprecedented 36 per cent of the vote, although APRA won most of the seats.
1979 A new constitution was promulgated, which provided for free elections to be held every five years.
1981 Belaúnde returned to power under fresh elections enabled by the new constitution. By this time the Peruvian economy was in a very weak state, made worse by the activities of the guerrilla group, Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path). Military efforts to eliminate Shining Path under Belaunde's government and that of his successor Alan García failed.
1990 Alberto Fujimori won the presidential election and introduced a programme of sweeping economic reforms which reduced inflation and increased growth.
1992 The leader of the Shining Path, Abimael Guzman, was captured. Fujimori suspended democracy after an autogolpe. Congress was dismissed and replaced by a smaller, unicameral chamber loyal to the president.
1993 A new constitution was promulgated.
1995 President Alberto Fujimori was elected for a second term.
2000 President Fujimori was sworn in for a third term after much-criticised elections, without a controlling majority in the National Congress. Thousands marched in Lima to demand his resignation. After President Fujimori resigned, he found refuge in Japan, where he has citizenship. Valentin Paniagua, president of the Peruvian Congress, took over as interim head of state and nominated Javier Perez de Cuellar as prime minister.
2001 Alejandro Toledo won the presidential election and his party, Perú Posible (PP), won the congressional elections. Roberto Dañino was appointed prime minister.
2002 After the resignation of Prime Minister Dañino, together with the foreign minister and the finance minister, President Alejandro Toledo swore in a new cabinet including Luis Solari as prime minister. To devolve power away from the centre, 25 regional presidents were elected. Centre-left APRA, led by former head of state, Alan García, took 12 of the 25 regional presidencies.
2003 Faced with strikes by teachers and health workers, the President declared a 30-day state of emergency in May. Prime Minister Luis Solari's cabinet resigned on 23 June. On 28 June, President Alejandro Toledo swore in Beatriz Merino as prime minister. On 15 December, the President asked for the resignation of Beatriz Merino's cabinet and Carlos Ferrero Costa was sworn in as prime minister.
2004 In February, President Toledo reshuffled his cabinet for the fifth time since coming to power. President Carlos Ferrero Costa survived a no-confidence vote in November.
2005 Prime Minister Carlos Ferrero Costa and Defence Minister Roberto Chiabra both survived the censure motions held in parliament on 19 January.
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