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| Official name: Rossiiskaya Federatsiya (Russian Federation)
Head of State: President Vladimir Putin (since May 2000; re-elected 14 Mar 2004) Head of government: Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov (appointed 1 Mar 2004) Ruling party: Yedinaya Rossiya (United Russia) (re-elected 7 Dec 2003) is the largest party in the State Duma (it was formed in Dec 2001 by the merger of the Mezhregional'noye Dvishenie Yedinstvo (Medved) (Inter-Regional Movement Unity) and the Otechestvo-Vsya Rossiya (OVR) (Fatherland-All Russia)) Area: 17,075,000 square km Population: 146.74 million (2004) Capital: Moscow Official language: Russian Currency: Rouble (R) = 100 kopeks Exchange rate: R28.67 per US$ (Nov 2004) GDP per capita: US$2,992 (2003) GDP real growth: 6.30% (2003) Labour force: 71.70 million (2003) Unemployment: 7.60% (2003) Inflation: 13.00% (2003) Oil production: 8.54 million bpd (2003) Balance of trade: US$57.39 billion (2003) Foreign debt: US$153.50 billion (2003) Annual FDI: US$4.43 billion (Jan–Jun 2004) |
Historical profile
The first monarchic dynasty ruled from the ninth century and built Kiev as its
capital. It was overthrown by the Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century.
In the fifteenth century, the Grand Prince of Moscow, Ivan III, annexed the rival principalities of Russia and became its first national sovereign.
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) further expanded Russia's frontiers and became the first holder of the title of Tsar.
Peter the Great (1682–1725) and Catherine the Great (1762–96) consolidated the regime.
1812 The French invasion of Russia ended when France was driven out.
In the mid-nineteenth century, most of Siberia was annexed and expansion to the south and east continued until 1905.
1917 The Russian leader, Tsar Nicholas II, abdicated. The Bolshevik coup, under the leadership of Lenin, forced out the liberal government.
1918–20 Civil war between the communist Bolsheviks and anti-Bolsheviks, the right-wing white army. The civil war ended in defeat for the white army, despite assistance from the UK, France, Japan and the US.
1922 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formed by Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasus region.
1924 Following Lenin's death, Josef Stalin took over the leadership of the USSR as the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and a period of industrialisation, collectivisation of agriculture and purges of Stalin's opponents began.
1939 The USSR signed a non-aggression pact, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, with Nazi Germany. Soviet forces assisted the German invasion of Poland. The USSR also invaded Finland, but was defeated by 1941.
1941 After the USSR was invaded by Germany, it joined the Allies and declared war on the Axis powers.
1944–45 The USSR liberated parts of Eastern Europe and Eastern Germany, these being pulled into its sphere of influence after the Second World War. Western Europe, meanwhile, fell under the sphere of influence of the US, marking the start of the Cold War.
1949 The USSR became the world's second nuclear power (after the US), when it exploded its first atomic bomb.
1953 Following Stalin's death, Nikita Krushchev took over the leadership of the USSR.
1955 The Warsaw Pact was established by the USSR and its satellite eastern European states as a security apparatus to defend the region against NATO.
1962 The USSR's deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba, within striking distance of the US, led to the 14-day missile crisis between the US and the USSR.
1964 After Kruschev's fall from power, the USSR was led by Leonid Brezhnev.
1979 Soviet forces invaded Afghanistan to prop up the communist Afghan government.
1982 After Brezhnev's death, Yuri Andropov became leader of the USSR.
1984 Konstantin Chernenko replaced Andropov, following his death.
1985 Chernenko died. His successor, Mikhail Gorbachev, instigated a programme of social, political and economic reforms, centred on two slogan concepts: perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness).
1989 The USSR withdrew from Afghanistan. Communist rule ended in most of eastern and central Europe.
1991 Boris Yeltsin was elected as Russia's president. An attempted coup against Gorbachev, still officially the USSR president, by communist hardliners resulted in the CPSU being banned. Gorbachev resigned as USSR president, the USSR ceased to exist and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was formed by 11 of the former USSR republics, including Russia.
1993 An anti-government uprising in Moscow in October was crushed by the Russian Army. President Yeltsin dissolved the Supreme Soviet and replaced it with the Federal Assembly, comprising the State Duma and the Federation Council. A new consitution was introduced.
1994 Russian troops invaded Chechnya, which is de facto independent, but de jure part of Russia.
1995 In the parliamentary elections, the reformed Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (KPRF) (Communist Party of the Russian Federation) won the largest vote.
1996 Boris Yeltsin was re-elected president. A peace treaty was signed between Russia and Chechen separatists, temporarily ending the conflict.
1997 Yeltsin and the Belarusian president, Aleksander Lukashenko, signed the Treaty on the Union of Belarus and Russia. The treaty aimed to increase political and economic co-operation between the two states from January 2000.
1998 The russian rouble collapsed, sending Russia into temporary economic crisis. The rouble was revalued (one new rouble = 1,000 old roubles).
1999 Bomb explosions in Moscow were blamed on Chechen separatists, Russian troops invaded Chechnya again.
2000 Boris Yeltsin retired and Vladimir Putin was elected president. The presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan (formerly the Customs Five) established the Eurasian Economic Community (EEC).
2001 The Russian army started a gradual withdrawal of troops from Chechnya. The Federation Council approved the introduction of the new rouble in Belarus as of 1 January 2005, in preparation for introducing a new single currency in Russia and Belarus by 2008. The main pro-Putin parties created the Yedinaya Rossiya (YR) (United Russia) party.
2002 The US and Russia agreed to cut 70 per cent of their nuclear arsenals. Flash floods hit Black Sea tourist resorts.
Chechen Prime Minister Stanislav Ilyasov resigned and was appointed by President Vladimir Putin as federal minister of Chechnya affairs. The head of the administration, Akhmed Kadyrov, appointed Mikhail Babich as prime minister of Chechnya. Chechnya's leading rebel warlord claimed responsibility for the Moscow theatre siege in which 119 hostages died.
2003 On 5 February, Akhmed Kadyrov dismissed Chechen Prime Minister Mikhail Babich and on 10 February, Anatoly Popov was appointed in his place. In September, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus signed an economic union treaty. Yedinaya Rossiya (United Russia) won the 7 December parliamentary elections.
2004 President Putin dismissed Prime Minister Kasyanov's government on 24 February and Deputy Prime Minister Viktor Khristenko was named acting prime minister. On 1 March, President Putin named EU envoy, Mikhail Fradkov, as his new prime minister; the appointment was confirmed by the Duma on 5 March. Incumbent Vladimir Putin won the 14 March presidential elections.
On 17 March, Sergey Abramov was confirmed as prime minister of Chechnya (pro-Moscow government). Chechen president, Akhmad Kadyrov, was killed in an explosion on 9 May; Prime Minister Sergey Abramov became acting president; on 29 August, Alu Alkhanov won the presidential elections. In September, at least 330 people died in the Beslan school massacre when Chechen terrorists held Russian schoolchildren and teachers hostage. On 5 October, Alu Alkhanov was sworn in as president of Chechnya.
2005 On 9 February, Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov's government survived a vote of no confidence. In Chechnya in March, Russian special forces killed the Chechen rebel leader, Aslan Maskhadov.
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