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Country : Somalia Official name: Jamhuriyadda ee Soomaaliya (Republic of Somalia) |
Historical profile
Until the early sixteenth century, Somalia was part of the Arab-controlled Indian Ocean trading network.
The importance and prosperity of the Somali ports of Mogadishu and Brava were reduced once the Portuguese discovered a sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope.
In the nineteenth century much of the Ogaden Desert – ethnically part of Somalia – was annexed by the Ethiopian empire of Menelik I; the area has remained part of Ethiopia ever since.
1900 Somalia was divided between UK, which controlled the northern region (the British Somaliland Protectorate), and Italy, which controlled the southern region (Italian Somaliland – a UN Trust Territory under Italian administration between 1950–60).
1960 The northern and southern regions were united upon independence from UK and Italy.
1969 Following the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, the army seized control and Mohammed Siad Barre became president. The country was renamed the Somali Democratic Republic, political parties were banned and the National Assembly dissolved.
1981 The Somali Salvation Front (which had staged an unsuccessful coup in 1978) joined forces with two other opposition groups to establish the Democratic Front for the Salvation of Somalia (DFSS).
1982 The DFSS linked up with the Somali National Movement (SNM) and with Ethiopian military support, invaded Somalia. Although the government repulsed the rebels, clashes continued throughout the 1980s.
1989 As the security situation worsened, President Barre offered to resign and hold free elections in 1990.
1991 President Siad Barre fled the country after rebels entered Mogadishu. Ali Mahdi Mohammed, leader of the Somali Salvation Council (SSC), was appointed interim president, but the coalition soon broke down and Mahdi was overthrown.
Somaliland (in the north) broke away from war-torn Somalia. The self-styled Somaliland Republic, headed by Mohammed Ibrahim Egal, does not have international recognition.
1992 After a period of intense conflict between the numerous clans, the US sent a peace-keeping force to Somalia to protect the UN international humanitarian aid effort and restore order.
1993 A partial peace pact was signed. The UN began peace-keeping operations, taking over from the US Marines. The US launched a military offensive against General Aideed and the Somali National Alliance (SNA) in Mogadishu after US and UN troops were killed in an ambush.
1994 After an unsuccessful campaign, the US withdrew all of its forces from Somalia.
1995 The remainder of the UN peacekeeping force withdrew.
1996 General Aideed, leader of the USC and SNA, died from gunshot wounds. His son, Hussein Aideed, replaced him as head of the clan-based gang.
1997 Twenty-six of Somalia's 28 factions signed the Cairo Declaration peace accord.
1998 The north-eastern region followed the example set by Somaliland and declared independence as Puntland under the leadership of Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed.
1999 Inter-clan violence continued in central and southern Somalia. President Omar Guelleh of Djibouti announced an international peace plan based on the participation of Islamic and civil groups rather than warlords.
2000 A four-month reconciliation conference in Djibouti ended when the transitional national government (TNG) elected the country's first civilian president since war broke out in 1990 – Abd al Qasim Salad Hassan, the interim president, appointed Ali Khalif Galaydh as interim prime minister. SNA chairman, Hussein Aideed, formed an opposition group to the TNG, the Somali Restoration and Reconciliation Council (SRRC).
2001 Fighting continued in the south of the country. In a referendum, a huge majority in Somaliland voted in favour of independence from the rest of Somalia.
Jama Ali Jama was sworn in as president of the self-proclaimed autonomous region of Puntland in the north-east, replacing Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed. The interim prime minister of the TNG, Ali Khalif Galaydh, and his cabinet lost a vote of no confidence. Hassan Abshir Farah was appointed interim prime minister.
2002 Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed returned to the presidentcy of Puntland after seizing power with the help of Ethiopian forces. The Rahanwin Resistance Army (RRA) declared the formation of a new state in south-western Somalia in April to rule six districts from its capital in Baidoa. The president of Somaliland, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, died and was succeeded by the vice president, Dahir Riyale Kahin.
2003 The incumbent president of Somaliland, Dahir Riyale Kahin, of the ruling United People's Party (UDUB) won the Somaliland presidential/parliamentary elections on 14 April
The Somali National Reconciliation Conference, held in Mbagathi, Nairobi, Kenya, began on 27 June. The Kenyan government lifted its ban on flights to Somalia from 8 July. Prime Minister Hasan Abshir Farah was dismissed in August and Muhammad Abdi Yusuf was confirmed as prime minister in December.
2004 In January, at peace talks in Kenya, warlords and politicians signed a deal to set up a new parliament; a transitional parliament was inaugurated in Kenya in August. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, the president of the breakaway region of Puntland, won the presidential elections held on 10 October by the Transitional National Assembly, sitting in Nairobi, Kenya.
President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed appointed Mohammed Ali Ghedi as prime minister. In December, parliament voted to dismiss the Prime Minister's government, arguing that the prime minister and ministers had not been formally approved by the MPs, but President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed reappointed Ghedi and asked him to form a new government.
The 26 December tsunami hit the region of Puntland.
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