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Country : Sudan Official name: Jamhuryat es Sudan (Republic of Sudan) |
Historical profile
2300 BC The Pharaonic kingdoms began extending south into modern-day Sudan. By 1000 BC, the Nubia was an Egyptian colony. Further south, the independent kingdom of the Cush was developing. The Cush conquered Egypt in the ninth century BC, before they were pushed south by the Assyrians in 666 BC.
400 AD The Cush kingdom fell to the Christian state of Axum in Ethiopia. A Christian kingdom grew up in Nubia.
651 The Nubians signed a peace treaty with the Arab armies which had seized Egypt from the Byzantine Empire in 641.
1250 The treaty lasted until Egypt came under the control of the Mamelukes; shortly afterwards, the Nubians were conquered and an increasing number of Arabs moved into Sudan.
1821 The swamps of southern Sudan were unaffected by the Arab-controlled northern regions until the Turks defeated Egypt, conquered northern Sudan and opened the south to trade.
1869 After the opening of the Suez Canal the British became involved in Sudan.
1881 The Muslim Sudanese rebelled and massacred the British army at Khartoum. Sudan was ruled by the Great Mahdi (divine leader) for the next 17 years. The Mahdi united the tribes in a modern Islamic state.
1898 The Mahdi was defeated by the British and Anglo-Egyptian army.
1899 Sudan was ruled as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium from 1899 until it achieved independence as a parliamentary republic in 1956.
1945 At the end of the Second World War, political parties emerged: the Umma Party which was created by supporters of the Mahdi while the Ashiqqa Party was established by rivals of the Mahdi and eventually became the National Union Party (NUP).
1956 Sudan gained independence. With southern calls for a federation or even secession rejected, a civil war broke out between the largely Muslim north and the largely Christian/Animist south.
1958 A military coup led by General Ibrahim Abboud overthrew the government. Parliament was dismissed, martial law was declared and Abboud proclaimed himself prime minister.
1969 Colonel Jaafar Mohammed al Nimieri led a coup, installing a revolutionary council.
1972 Nimieri became the country's first elected president and gave the southern provinces a degree of autonomy under the Addis Ababa agreement, reducing the level of fighting.
1983 The autonomy agreement was revoked and sharia (Islamic law) was imposed across the country. The Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) was established, led by John Garang; its armed wing, the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) gained control of much of the south.
1985 Nimieri was ousted in a bloodless coup and after a brief period of military rule Sadiq al Mahdi, the great-grandson of the Great Mahdi, became prime minister after elections in 1986.
1989 Sadiq al Mahdi was replaced following another bloodless coup; Omar Hassan Ahmad al Bashir became chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCCNS).
1993 The RCCNS was abolished and Sudan returned to civilian rule, although the country was not strictly a democracy.
1996 The first presidential and legislative elections since 1989 were held. Omar al Bashir was re-elected president with 75.7 per cent of the vote. Sanctions were imposed against Sudan by the UN for the country's failure to extradite three men suspected of involvement in the assassination attempt against Egyptian president, Mohammed Hosni Mubarak.
1997 The Khartoum Peace Agreement was ratified by the National Assembly. Sudan accepted a framework for negotiations, clearing the way for a resumption in talks to end years of civil war. Peace talks between the SPLA and the government resumed in Nairobi. SPLA leader John Garang pressed for the Khartoum government to give way to a government of national unity and hold a referendum on self-determination by 2001.
1999 The government and the opposition Umma Party (UP) reached agreement on a peace accord. The President imposed a state of emergency and dissolved the National Assembly.
2000 The President replaced the cabinet, all state governors and his senior advisers. Most opposition parties boycotted the elections. Omar al Bashir was re-elected president; the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) won the elections to the National Assembly.
2001 The President issued a decree, which led to a state of emergency until 2002. The UN Security Council approved the lifting of sanctions.
2002 Peace talks started in Machakos, Kenya; they broke down and started again twice more. The state of emergency was extended for another year.
2003 Peace talks continued.
2004 In May, the government signed a peace deal with rebels of the SPLA, but a separate conflict continued in the western region of Darfur; in July, talks intended to end the insurgency broke down after the government refused to agree to rebel demands. The UN Security Council told the government to curb the militia's slaughter of civilians in Darfur and to stop impeding aid workers feeding the starving.
2005 The government and the SPLA signed a peace agreement in January; John Garang, leader of the SPLA, is to become a government minister during a six-year period of reconciliation. A preliminary peace deal was signed in Egypt with the opposition umbrella group, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). In April, security forces arrested many members and top officials of the main opposition party, the Umma Party (UP), because of planned celebrations marking the anti-government uprising on 6 April 1986. In April, Sudan said it had found quantities of oil in its western region of Darfur.
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